An operating agreement form is a template for limited liability companies. Its purpose is to explain how the business operates. An operating agreement may be a legal requirement depending on where you incorporated your business. The document may include information about how many members or partners are part of the LLC, how management is structured, the investment of each member, and how profits and losses will be split between the members. An operating agreement also includes the name and address of the LLC and the types of services it offers.
An operating agreement is used by limited liability companies, or a LLC. Each state makes the legal requirement as to whether this document is needed. Many states do not require it. To know whether it is required in your state, check out the website maintained by the Secretary of State for your state. The operating agreement will detail how the business functions as an organization and how its finances are handled (including how profits and losses will be distributed). The agreement has some common provisions: a statement of intent, the purpose of the business, the time period during which the business will be operating, how it is taxed, LLC members (including how new members may be brought into the LLC), and the capital contributions of each member. You’ll learn more about the various components later on this page. The components used to create the operating agreement will depend on the tax structure of the business, the number of members involved with the LLC, how management is structured, how each member invested into the business, and how profits are shared.
An operating agreement will also detail the duties, rights, and powers of the members and managers. It can also list ownership percentages for owners. This helps to protect the limited liability company from certain business liabilities. It also protects the individual members and managers. Having a written operating agreement offers better protection than verbal agreements. As you can see, the information within the agreement can be used for many purposes. It’s also well-suited for use as a reference tool for each of the members of the LLC.
An operating agreement for an LLC is also known as:
LLC agreement
LLC partnership agreement
An LLC is a business structure that creates a limited liability company. LLC is an acronym used to refer to that particular business structure. The formation of an LLC takes place at the state level. You get the proper paperwork from the Secretary of State in your state or the state where you would like to incorporate. The documents completed to form an LLC are usually referred to as Articles of Incorporation. The completed documents, as well as the filing fee, are given to the state for filing. You would then receive a receipt and an acknowledgement that you now have an LLC. LLC documents are pretty easy to complete. You can do it yourself, hire an attorney, or partner with a company that completes these forms for others. Doing it on your own is much cheaper than using a lawyer or even a document completion company.
LLCs are one of the most popular business entities. It creates a pass-through business model for finances. Also, while there are no direct tax benefits (outside of lower taxes with the latest tax reformation), the tax filing process is relatively simple since you would still use a 1040 and only add a couple of extra schedules. It’s also a popular business entity because there are fewer legal requirements to follow when compared with a standard corporation or partnership creation. The fee for renewal is also quite affordable each year.
What Is an LLC Operating Agreement?
Now that you know a little bit about LLC and you’ve read the intro to this page, you can probably define an LLC operating agreement. It is an outline of how the LLC is structured and how it is ran. As mentioned earlier, what this agreement will actually say within it depends on:
Tax considerations
How many members the LLC has
How management is structured
The amount each member invested
How profits and losses will be split between the members
As you can probably imagine, the fewer members an LLC has, the easier it is to create an LLC operating agreement.
Depending on where you’re forming your LLC, having an operating agreement may be required by state law. So, before you do anything else, check with the Secretary of State where your LLC is registered to determine if you have a legal obligation to create and maintain this document. You should also determine whether you need to put a copy of this document on file with the state.
Aside from a potential legal requirement, let’s look at some other reasons why you should have an LLC operating agreement:
If you don’t have an agreement and you sue another member or another member sues you, the state laws would determine how the matter is handled. Every state has laws in place that govern LLCs (and business practices in general). If you have a written agreement that is signed, it would be used to interpret the matter provided that the agreement itself was void under contract law.
It helps protect the concept of “limited liability.” Sure, the LLC itself provides some protections, but those protections are defined by state law. So, depending on the state, if you didn’t have an LLC agreement, you could find that you have more personal liability than you want (or expect), particularly if it looks more like you’re running a sole proprietorship or partnership than an LLC.
Having a written agreement that explains how the business is operated, the amount each member contributed, and how profits and losses are shared can help every member understand the relationship. This can help minimize the number of disagreements and misunderstandings that happen between the members.
If the LLC has more than one member, the agreement is just as valid as any other legal document entered into between the members. With one member, you create a single member LLC operating agreement. With more than one member, you create a multiple member LLC operating agreement.
There are also member-managed LLCs and manager-managed LLC. These are multiple member LLC operating agreement. With a member-managed version, every member has the authority to handle the day-to-day operations of the business. With a manager-managed LLC, a manager or a management team is named as the person or persons that run the day-to-day operations for the business.
Before we get into the details of the provisions most commonly found in an LLC operating agreement, do remember that which provisions you use (or don’t use) will depend on your specific needs. For example, if you have a multiple member LLC operating agreement, you’ll then need to decide if it will be member-managed or manager-managed. If you have a single member LLC, you may need to just outline the way the business operates and how profits and losses are handled.
However, regardless of the type of LLC operating agreement you need to use, you’ll still need certain information:
Information about the LLC. This includes the name of the LLC, a description of the services offered, signing information for the LLC, and the office address.
Information for each member. For every member, you must list their name and address, their membership class, the capital they contributed to the business, their ownership percentage, and how much of the profits and losses they receive.
Now that we’ve looked at the basic LLC info and member info found in every LLC, let’s look at some of the basic provisions.
Administration. Administration is the financial and managerial aspects of the LLC. This part of the operation agreement explains the account methods used, gives information on the annual financial report, and discusses other issues of financial solvency. You will also explain the LLC’s tax status. This is either a disregarded entity or a corporation. A disregarded entity means that you have an LLC that the IRS treats as a sole proprietorship. When you file your personal taxes, you also file your business taxes with the use of additional schedules with your 1040. In short, the LLC is not addressed separately from the owner. Most of the time, a disregarded entity is a single-member LLC. This is because a multiple-member LLC is taxed like a partnership.
The other tax option is to be taxed as a corporation. The LLC is taxed at the company level. Each member will be responsible for paying income tax on any distribution they receive from the business.
The purpose of the LLC. In this section, you’ll explain why the LLC was created. This provision is commonly referred to as the Statement of Purpose. However, most states do not require you to be highly specific about your purpose. You may be able to use a broad statement such as “The purpose of the LLC is to act and engage in lawful activities for which the LLC is organized in this state.” So, essentially, you’re telling the State and anyone who reviews your operating agreement that you’ve created the LLC to conduct lawful business activities.
The principal place of business. Although your LLC may conduct business in more than one city or state (or maybe even internationally!), your LLC operating agreement must list the principal place of business. This is the main location where business operations occur. It could be office space that you lease or own. You could use a virtual office location. If you work from home, you could use your home address (or perhaps a PO box depending on state law).
The duration of the LLC. This is the length of time that the LLC will operate. This isn’t required by all states. It is stated in years or with the word “perpetual.”
How the LLC will maintain records. Record keeping is something that, like other LLC requirements, vary from state to state. You may be in a state that requires very little record keeping. Of course, if you’re a single-member LLC, you may not have many records to keep since you probably won’t hold meetings with yourself! First things first, determine the laws for meetings and records in your state. You may be required to keep records on:
Member and manager information.
Minutes of meetings. (This may also include names of members who attended, votes or decisions made, and any other information that could be helpful to reference in the official record.
Income tax returns (both state and federal).
Business bank account deposit slips.
Credit card statements for the business.
Invoices or copies of invoices for your business.
Cancelled checks.
Bills that you’ve paid for your business.
Employment tax information.
Three years of financial records and contracts.
What the LLC does with its profits and losses. Explaining how the LLC handles profits and losses will depend on how it is taxed. For LLCs that are disregarded entities (meaning, they are taxed as a sole proprietorship), a year end report is created to show revenue and expenses. Revenue and expenses are record on Schedule C (Profit or Loss from Business) and reported via 1040 on the federal return. However, there are some revenues and expenses that will go on Schedule E or F. Many times, a loss can be deducted from the individual’s income. This can help with lowering the tax burden.
For LLCs that are taxed as partnerships, a year-end report is created to show revenue and expenses. It also shows the capital accounts for all members of the LLC. This includes loans made to the business, equity contributions, and capital distributions. This document should also include each member’s percentage of ownership interest. It’s important that multiple-member LLCs have all the information to create this document no later than December 31 so that losses and profit may be properly given. You’ll use IRS Form 1065 for the business. Profits and losses are passed on to the members. The 1065 tells the IRS the amount that are given to the members so that the IRS knows what it should expect in tax payments. A Schedule K1 must also be created and used. Every member should receive a copy of the K1 so that they may properly report the profits and losses on their individual tax returns.
For LLCs taxed as a corporation, you will first generate the fiscal year end report. You can serve a fiscal year end for any month, but you must file your return by the 15th day of the third month after the end of the chosen tax year. For example, if you choose to end your fiscal year in June, you’ll need to file your taxes by September 15th of that year. You’ll use Form 1120, which the US Corporation Income Tax Return to report profits and losses. You may also need to generate a Schedule K1 to give to members so that they may report their share of the profits and losses.
How the LLC makes its distributions. You will explain how distributions occur. Generally, this is either as tax income / loss (distributions) or money actually paid from the LLC to the member.
What the members and managers have the power to do within the LLC. You will explain what members can and cannot do within the LLC and what managers can and cannot do within the LLC. Remember, there is a difference between member-managed and manager-managed. A single member LLC can hire an external manager for the company.
Assignment of rights of the members. The assignment of rights carefully defines the rights that the members of the LLC have.
The terms of the LLC - these are the rules under which the members will interact as an LLC.
Voting rights for the members. Voting rights are given to the members to help make decisions. Voting rights generally relate to the ownership percentage that a member has. How votes are given should be clearly defined in the operating agreement. The operating agreement should also specify the type of voting rights that the members have. For example, one type (as we mentioned) gives voting power that is related to how much of the business the person owns. The other way votes may be used is that each member gets one vote regardless of ownership amounts.
The name and address of the registered agent. An LLC must have a registered agent. A registered agent is someone who receives notices on behalf of the business. The operating agreement should list the name and mailing address of the registered agent.
Whether a member can voluntarily leave the LLC. The operating agreement must explain whether a member may voluntarily withdraw their interest from the business and how it may be done. Check with the state where the business is registered to determine if you must use a certain form or document for a voluntary withdrawal.
How the LLC will be managed. You should explain whether the LLC is member-managed or manager-managed. Remember that even a single-member LLC can hire a manager who is not a member to handle the operations of the business.
Other common provisions include how new members may be brought into the LLC, transfer of interest from the LLC, capital contributions, additional capital contributions, what will happen if a member passes away, and how the LLC may be dissolved. With dissolution, you should check with the state where the business is registered because they may have certain forms that you must complete for the dissolution.
Because an operating agreement is essentially a legal document between the members of an LLC, it’s important that you keep in mind both the state where it was drafted (and where it will be governed) as well as whether signing the document is in your best interest. If you have questions about the terms and whether they are fair, you should make an appointment to speak with a business lawyer or a contract lawyer who can answer your questions.
One of the most common questions asked about operating agreements is whether the terms can be changed. The answer is yes. The terms of an operating agreement may be changed if all of the members agree and signs a document that contains the changes (known as amendments).
A limited liability company (LLC) is a business entity that offers the limited liability of a corporation and the tax benefits of a partnership. The owners of an LLC are defined as "members"; their rights and responsibilities in managing the LLC are governed by an operating agreement (see below). If the LLC has one member, it is called a single-member LLC and is taxed as a sole proprietorship. LLC formation is accomplished with the filing of a document, the articles of organization (see below), with a state official, generally the Secretary of State.
Like partnership principals, the owners/members of an LLC directly manage the company and the company must file an information return with the IRS. The business owners/members file individual returns with the IRS based on the revenue they accumulate directly from the business. The company information return lists how much revenue was paid to each owner/member.
Unlike a partnership, however, an LLC is constructed to separate the business assets of the company from the personal property/assets of the owners/members. The owners/members are thereby insulated from personal liability for company debts and liabilities.
An operating agreement is an internal document employed by an LLC that delineates the decision-making structure of the company: the terms and rules under which the company will function. When signed by the owners/members, the operating agreement becomes an official contract that binds the owners/members to its terms. It is prudent to seek legal advice when designing an operating agreement.
Although not required in states other than California, Delaware, Maine, Missouri, and New York, an operating agreement is nonetheless regarded as a crucial document in LLC formation. It allows the owners/members to run the company according to their own specifications and rules. Without an operating agreement, the business must adhere to the default rules of the state where it is formed; state default rules are quite general and may not suit the business in question. In addition, an operating agreement gives owners/members protection from personal liability for debts and liabilities of the LLC; the lack of an operating agreement makes a company appear more like a partnership or sole proprietorship.
An operating agreement is similar in function to corporate by-laws and analogous to a partnership agreement in multi-member LLCs. An operating agreement is important for multi-member LLCs because it structures the company's finances and organization, and enables its smooth operation with rules and regulations. For a single-member LLC, an operating agreement is evidence of the structure that the member has decided on for the company. An operating agreement is thus a significant document, particularly for a single-member LLC; a formal written operating agreement lends credence to the LLC's separate existence.
An operating agreement should indicate who will manage the company, how membership changes will be handled, and how profits and losses will be distributed. To shield the members from personal liability for company debts and liabilities, the operating agreement should also clearly state that the entity is separate from the members.
An LLC Operating Agreement should include the following information:
Name of the LLC: Some states may require “LLC” or “Limited Liability Company" in the name; be sure to consult the relevant state's website for guidance.
Information about the Articles of Organization (see below): This document is filed with the state to register the LLC; it includes the state where registered and the date when registered.
Duration of the LLC: "Until dissolved” or until a specific date.
Address: The principal office of the LLC.
Name and address of the Registered Agent: The person to receive legal notices on behalf of the company.
Statement of Purpose of the Business.
Members, Contributions, and Membership Interest: How owners/members join the LLC, their initial capital contributions, their capital (ownership) accounts, and how the profits and losses are distributed to members. This section should include the names of the initial members, their initial capital contributions, each member's interest (percentage), how new members make initial capital contributions and the required amount per member, if and when additional contributions are required of members and how members decide, the process for admitting new members, how members receive profits and losses each year, how the allocations and distributions of taxes for the profits and losses are assigned, and members' duties/compensation.
Management of the LLC: Member-managed by a single managing member, or a hired manager who is an employee. A separate compensation and reimbursement agreement for the managing member or outside manager should be designed. This section should also include the rules for how decisions are made (meetings/voting -- whether each member's voting power corresponds to their percentage interest in the business or each member gets one vote/unanimous consent or majority required to resolve an issue).
Leaving the LLC + Buying, Selling, Transferring Owners + Terminating the LLC: This section should include how and when a member can leave, how a member can be requested to leave the LLC, the process for buying back a member’s interest and how the purchase price is determined (fair market value or other measure) and paid, the process for transferring a member’s interest (restrictions on transfers, liquidation procedures, and distribution of member property), what will happen in the event of a member's death, and how the LLC as a whole can be terminated.
Liability Clause: Includes indemnification and liability limitation clauses.
The articles of organization constitute a legal document that establishes a limited liability company (LLC) with the state, as well as the rights, powers, duties, liabilities/obligations between each member of an LLC and also between the LLC and its members. The articles of organization include the name and addresses of the LLC's members, the name of the LLC's registered agent, and the company's statement of purpose.
The articles of organization must be filed with the state, generally the Secretary of State. The state also requires a company to pay a fee when it files the articles of organization. Articles of organization for an LLC are analogous to articles of incorporation for a corporation; they are also known as a "certificate of organization" or a "certificate of formation."
Articles of organization are generally required to include the company's business name and address of the company's principal place of business (principal office), the names and addresses of members of the LLC, the names and addresses of its managers, organizers, and directors, the name of the business's registered agent, and a statement of the nature of the LLC's business. After state approval of the articles of organization, the LLC is a legal, registered business entity and is bound by the state laws under which the articles of organization were formed.
For a small business seeking a less formal structure with personal protection, forming an LLC (limited liability company) is an attractive option.
An LLC generally protects small business owners from personal liability; their personal assets (e.g., vehicle, house, savings accounts) will not be at risk if their LLC is confronted with lenders' claims, other lawsuits, and/or bankruptcy.
The LLC will separate the small business owners'/members' personal assets from the business' assets. Profits and losses will be allocated/distributed to the small business owners' personal income without the requirement to pay corporate taxes. However, small business owners who are members of an LLC are characterized as self-employed and must pay self-employment tax contributions related to Medicare and Social Security.
The LLC's operating agreement will describe the small business' finances and functions, including rules and regulations. The document will control the internal workings of the business in line with the specific needs of the small business owners and will become, after all parties sign it, an official contract that binds the owners to its terms.
An LLC represents a good choice for small business owners who want to protect personal assets and avoid the corporate tax rate, particularly a Nevada LLC, which like a Delaware LLC, offers significant advantages:
No corporate income tax.
No personal income tax.
No franchise tax on income.
No admissions tax.
No unitary tax.
No estate tax or gift tax.
If, however, small business owners who form a Nevada LLC reside elsewhere, and do business in another state, they still may be required to comply with that state's LLC requirements.
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